ERITRÉIA

Background:

The UN awarded Eritrea to Ethiopia in 1952 as part of a federation. Ethiopia's annexation of Eritrea as a province 10 years later sparked a 30-year struggle for independence that ended in 1991 with Eritrean rebels defeating governmental forces; independence was overwhelmingly approved in a 1993 referendum. A two-and-a-half-year border war with Ethiopia that erupted in 1998 ended under UN auspices in December 2000. Eritrea hosted a UN peacekeeping operation that monitored a 25 km-wide Temporary Security Zone (TSZ) on the border with Ethiopia. Eritrea's denial of fuel to the mission caused the UN to withdraw the mission and terminate its mandate 31 July 2008. An international commission, organized to resolve the border dispute, posted its findings in 2002. However, both parties have been unable to reach agreement on implementing the decision. On 30 November 2007, the Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission remotely demarcated the border by coordinates and dissolved itself, leaving Ethiopia still occupying several tracts of disputed territory, including the town of Badme. Eritrea accepted the EEBC's "virtual demarcation" decision and called on Ethiopia to remove its troops from the TSZ that it states is Eritrean territory. Ethiopia has not accepted the virtual demarcation decision.

Geography ::ERITREA
Location:

Eastern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Djibouti and Sudan
Geographic coordinates:

15 00 N, 39 00 E
Map references:

Africa
Area:

total: 117,600 sq km
country comparison to the world: 100
land: 101,000 sq km
water: 16,600 sq km
Area - comparative:

slightly larger than Pennsylvania
Land boundaries:

total: 1,626 km
border countries: Djibouti 109 km, Ethiopia 912 km, Sudan 605 km
Coastline:

2,234 km (mainland on Red Sea 1,151 km, islands in Red Sea 1,083 km)
Maritime claims:

territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate:

Current Weather
hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually, heaviest June to September); semiarid in western hills and lowlands
Terrain:

dominated by extension of Ethiopian north-south trending highlands, descending on the east to a coastal desert plain, on the northwest to hilly terrain and on the southwest to flat-to-rolling plains
Elevation extremes:

lowest point: near Kulul within the Danakil Depression -75 m
highest point: Soira 3,018 m
Natural resources:

gold, potash, zinc, copper, salt, possibly oil and natural gas, fish
Land use:

arable land: 4.78%
permanent crops: 0.03%
other: 95.19% (2005)
Irrigated land:

210 sq km (2003)
Total renewable water resources:

6.3 cu km (2001)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):

total: 0.3 cu km/yr (3%/0%/97%)
per capita: 68 cu m/yr (2000)
Natural hazards:

frequent droughts; locust swarms
Environment - current issues:

deforestation; desertification; soil erosion; overgrazing; loss of infrastructure from civil warfare
Environment - international agreements:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:

strategic geopolitical position along world's busiest shipping lanes; Eritrea retained the entire coastline of Ethiopia along the Red Sea upon de jure independence from Ethiopia on 24 May 1993

People ::ERITREA
Population:

5,647,168 (July 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 109
Age structure:

0-14 years: 42.8% (male 1,212,848/female 1,202,240)
15-64 years: 53.7% (male 1,483,169/female 1,547,078)
65 years and over: 3.6% (male 92,009/female 109,824) (2010 est.)
Median age:

total: 18.5 years
male: 18.2 years
female: 18.9 years (2010 est.)
Population growth rate:

2.577% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 29
Birth rate:

34.2 births/1,000 population (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 38
Death rate:

8.43 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 95
Net migration rate:

NA
Urbanization:

urban population: 21% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: 5.4% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2010 est.)
Infant mortality rate:

total: 43.33 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 64
male: 48.97 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 37.51 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:

total population: 61.78 years
country comparison to the world: 179
male: 59.71 years
female: 63.9 years (2010 est.)
Total fertility rate:

4.6 children born/woman (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 34
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:

1.3% (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 47
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:

38,000 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 66
HIV/AIDS - deaths:

2,600 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 56
Major infectious diseases:

degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2009)
Nationality:

noun: Eritrean(s)
adjective: Eritrean
Ethnic groups:

Tigrinya 50%, Tigre and Kunama 40%, Afar 4%, Saho (Red Sea coast dwellers) 3%, other 3%
Religions:

Muslim, Coptic Christian, Roman Catholic, Protestant
Languages:

Afar, Arabic, Tigre and Kunama, Tigrinya, other Cushitic languages
Literacy:

definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 58.6%
male: 69.9%
female: 47.6% (2003 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):

total: 5 years
male: 6 years
female: 4 years (2004)
Education expenditures:

2.4% of GDP (2006)
country comparison to the world: 161

Government ::ERITREA
Country name:

conventional long form: State of Eritrea
conventional short form: Eritrea
local long form: Hagere Ertra
local short form: Ertra
former: Eritrea Autonomous Region in Ethiopia
Government type:

transitional government
note: following a successful referendum on independence for the Autonomous Region of Eritrea on 23-25 April 1993, a National Assembly, composed entirely of the People's Front for Democracy and Justice or PFDJ, was established as a transitional legislature; a Constitutional Commission was also established to draft a constitution; ISAIAS Afworki was elected president by the transitional legislature; the constitution, ratified in May 1997, did not enter into effect, pending parliamentary and presidential elections; parliamentary elections were scheduled in December 2001 but were postponed indefinitely; currently the sole legal party is the People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ)
Capital:

name: Asmara (Asmera)
geographic coordinates: 15 20 N, 38 56 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Administrative divisions:

6 regions (zobatat, singular - zoba); Anseba, Debub (South), Debubawi K'eyih Bahri (Southern Red Sea), Gash Barka, Ma'akel (Central), Semenawi Keyih Bahri (Northern Red Sea)
Independence:

24 May 1993 (from Ethiopia)
National holiday:

Independence Day, 24 May (1993)
Constitution:

adopted on 23 May 1997, but has not yet been fully implemented
Legal system:

primary basis is the Ethiopian legal code of 1957 with revisions; new civil, commercial, and penal codes have not yet been promulgated; government also issues unilateral proclamations setting laws and policies; also relies on customary and post-independence-enacted laws and, for civil cases involving Muslims, Islamic law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:

chief of state: President ISAIAS Afworki (since 8 June 1993); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government and is head of the State Council and National Assembly
head of government: President ISAIAS Afworki (since 8 June 1993)
cabinet: State Council the collective executive authority; members appointed by the president
(For more information visit the World Leaders website )
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); the most recent and only election held on 8 June 1993 (next election date uncertain as the National Assembly did not hold a presidential election in December 2001 as anticipated)
election results: ISAIAS Afworki elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - ISAIAS Afworki 95%, other 5%
Legislative branch:

unicameral National Assembly (150 seats; members elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: in May 1997, following the adoption of the new constitution, 75 members of the PFDJ Central Committee (the old Central Committee of the EPLF), 60 members of the 527-member Constituent Assembly, which had been established in 1997 to discuss and ratify the new constitution, and 15 representatives of Eritreans living abroad were formed into a Transitional National Assembly to serve as the country's legislative body until countrywide elections to a National Assembly were held; although only 75 of 150 members of the Transitional National Assembly were elected, the constitution stipulates that once past the transition stage, all members of the National Assembly will be elected by secret ballot of all eligible voters; National Assembly elections scheduled for December 2001 were postponed indefinitely
Judicial branch:

High Court - regional, subregional, and village courts; also have military and special courts
Political parties and leaders:

People's Front for Democracy and Justice or PFDJ [ISAIAS Afworki] (the only party recognized by the government); note - a National Assembly committee drafted a law on political parties in January 2001, but the full National Assembly has yet to debate or vote on it
Political pressure groups and leaders:

Eritrean Democratic Party (EDP) [HAGOS, Mesfin]; Eritrean Islamic Jihad or EIJ (includes Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement or EIJM also known as the Abu Sihel Movement); Eritrean Islamic Salvation or EIS (also known as the Arafa Movement); Eritrean Liberation Front or ELF [ABDULLAH Muhammed]; Eritrean National Alliance or ENA (a coalition including EIJ, EIS, ELF, and a number of ELF factions) [HERUY Tedla Biru]; Eritrean Public Forum or EPF [ARADOM Iyob]
International organization participation:

ACP, AfDB, AU, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS (observer), ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO (subscriber), ITU, ITUC, LAS (observer), MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in the US:

chief of mission: Ambassador GHIRMAI Ghebremariam
chancery: 1708 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 319-1991
FAX: [1] (202) 319-1304
consulate(s) general: Oakland (California)
Diplomatic representation from the US:

chief of mission: Ambassador Ronald MCMULLEN
embassy: 179 Ala Street, Asmara
mailing address: P. O. Box 211, Asmara
telephone: [291] (1) 120004
FAX: [291] (1) 127584
Flag description:

red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) dividing the flag into two right triangles; the upper triangle is green, the lower one is blue; a gold wreath encircling a gold olive branch is centered on the hoist side of the red triangle; green stands for the country's agriculture economy, red signifies the blood shed in the fight for freedom, and blue symbolizes the bounty of the sea; the wreath-olive branch symbol is similar to that on the first flag of Eritrea from 1952; the shape of the red triangle broadly mimics the shape of the country

Economy ::ERITREA
Economy - overview:

Since independence from Ethiopia in 1993, Eritrea has faced the economic problems of a small, desperately poor country, accentuated by the recent implementation of restrictive economic policies. Eritrea has a command economy under the control of the sole political party, the People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ). Like the economies of many African nations, a large share of the population - nearly 80% - is engaged in subsistence agriculture, but they produce only a small share of total output. The Ethiopian-Eritrea war in 1998-2000 severely hurt Eritrea's economy. GDP growth fell to zero in 1999 and to -12.1% in 2000. The May 2000 Ethiopian offensive into northern Eritrea caused some $600 million in property damage and loss including losses of $225 million in livestock and 55,000 homes. The attack prevented planting of crops in Eritrea's most productive region, causing food production to drop by 62%. Despite the fighting, Eritrea developed its transportation infrastructure, asphalting new roads, improving its ports, and repairing war-damaged roads and bridges. Since the war's conclusion, the government has maintained a firm grip on the economy, expanding the use of the military and party-owned businesses to complete Eritrea's development agenda. The government strictly controls the use of foreign currency by limiting access and availability. Few private enterprises remain in Eritrea. Eritrea's economy depends heavily on taxes paid by members of the diaspora. Erratic rainfall and the delayed demobilization of agriculturalists from the military continue to interfere with agricultural production, and Eritrea's recent harvests have been unable to meet the food needs of the country. The Government continues to place its hope for additional revenue on the development of several international mining projects. Despite difficulties for international companies in working with the Eritrean Government, a Canadian mining company signed a contract with the government in 2007 and plans to begin mineral extraction in 2010. Eritrea's economic future depends upon its ability to master social problems such as illiteracy, unemployment, and low skills, and more importantly, on the government's willingness to support a true market economy.
GDP (purchasing power parity):

$3.961 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 167
$3.823 billion (2008 est.)
$3.748 billion (2007 est.)
note: data are in 2009 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):

$1.873 billion (2009 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:

3.6% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 52
2% (2008 est.)
1.3% (2007 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):

$700 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 222
$700 (2008 est.)
$700 (2007 est.)
note: data are in 2009 US dollars
GDP - composition by sector:

agriculture: 17.3%
industry: 23.2%
services: 59.5% (2009 est.)
Labor force:

1.935 million NA
country comparison to the world: 121
Labor force - by occupation:

agriculture: 80%
industry and services: 20% (2004 est.)
Unemployment rate:

NA%
Population below poverty line:

50% (2004 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Investment (gross fixed):

10.4% of GDP (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 147
Budget:

revenues: $373.2 million
expenditures: $738.7 million (2009 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):

20% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 219
19.9% (2008 est.)
Commercial bank prime lending rate:

NA%
Stock of money:

$896.2 million (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 116
$749.1 million (31 December 2007)
Stock of quasi money:

$1.053 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 116
$932.9 million (31 December 2007)
Stock of domestic credit:

$1.851 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 102
$1.711 billion (31 December 2007)
Agriculture - products:

sorghum, lentils, vegetables, corn, cotton, tobacco, sisal; livestock, goats; fish
Industries:

food processing, beverages, clothing and textiles, light manufacturing, salt, cement
Industrial production growth rate:

4% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 30
Electricity - production:

271 million kWh (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 172
Electricity - consumption:

228 million kWh (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 177
Electricity - exports:

0 kWh (2008 est.)
Electricity - imports:

0 kWh (2008 est.)
Oil - production:

0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 179
Oil - consumption:

5,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 171
Oil - exports:

0 bbl/day (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 199
Oil - imports:

4,790 bbl/day (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 159
Oil - proved reserves:

0 bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 184
Natural gas - production:

0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 201
Natural gas - consumption:

0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 189
Natural gas - exports:

0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 61
Natural gas - imports:

0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 84
Natural gas - proved reserves:

0 cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 182
Current account balance:

-$246 million (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94
-$168 million (2008 est.)
Exports:

$17 million (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 207
$14 million (2008 est.)
Exports - commodities:

livestock, sorghum, textiles, food, small manufactures
Imports:

$627 million (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 182
$601 million (2008 est.)
Imports - commodities:

machinery, petroleum products, food, manufactured goods
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

$36 million (31 December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 156
$58 million (31 December 2008 est.)
Debt - external:

$311 million (2000 est.)
country comparison to the world: 169
Exchange rates:

nakfa (ERN) per US dollar - 15.5 (2009), 15.38 (2008), 15.5 (2007), 15.4 (2006), 14.5 (2005)
note: the official exchange rate is 15 nakfa to the dollar

Communications ::ERITREA
Telephones - main lines in use:

40,400 (2008)
country comparison to the world: 169
Telephones - mobile cellular:

108,600 (2008)
country comparison to the world: 181
Telephone system:

general assessment: inadequate; most telephones are in Asmara; government is seeking international tenders to improve the system (2002)
domestic: combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular subscribership is only about 3 per 100 persons (2008)
international: country code - 291; note - international connections exist
Broadcast media:

government controls broadcast media with private ownership prohibited; 1 state-owned TV station; state-owned radio operates 2 networks; purchases of satellite dishes and subscriptions to international broadcast media are permitted (2007)
Internet country code:

.er
Internet hosts:

1,307 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 156
Internet users:

200,000 (2008)
country comparison to the world: 135

Transportation ::ERITREA
Airports:

13 (2010)
country comparison to the world: 152
Airports - with paved runways:

total: 4
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 (2010)
Airports - with unpaved runways:

total: 9
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2010)
Heliports:

1 (2010)
Railways:

total: 306 km
country comparison to the world: 121
narrow gauge: 306 km 0.950-m gauge (2008)
Roadways:

total: 4,010 km
country comparison to the world: 157
paved: 874 km
unpaved: 3,136 km (2000)
Merchant marine:

total: 5
country comparison to the world: 131
by type: cargo 2, liquefied gas 1, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1 (2008)
Ports and terminals:

Assab, Massawa

Military ::ERITREA
Military branches:

Eritrean Armed Forces: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force (2010)
Military service age and obligation:

18-40 years of age for male and female voluntary and compulsory military service; 16-month conscript service obligation (2006)
Manpower available for military service:

males age 16-49: 1,307,012
females age 16-49: 1,319,682 (2010 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:

males age 16-49: 864,608
females age 16-49: 920,104 (2010 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:

male: 64,489
female: 64,476 (2010 est.)
Military expenditures:

6.3% of GDP (2006 est.)
country comparison to the world: 9

Transnational Issues ::ERITREA
Disputes - international:

Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by 2002 Ethiopia-Eritrea Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision but, neither party responded to the revised line detailed in the November 2006 EEBC Demarcation Statement; Sudan accuses Eritrea of supporting eastern Sudanese rebel groups; in 2008 Eritrean troops move across the border on Ras Doumera peninsula and occupy Doumera Island with undefined sovereignty in the Red Sea
Refugees and internally displaced persons:

IDPs: 32,000 (border war with Ethiopia from 1998-2000; most IDPs are near the central border region) (2007)
Trafficking in persons:

current situation: Eritrea is a source country for men, women, and children trafficked for the purposes of forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation; each year, large numbers of migrant workers depart Eritrea in search of work, particularly in the Gulf States, where some likely become victims of forced labor, including in domestic servitude, or commercial sexual exploitation; thousands of Eritreans flee the country illegally, mostly to Sudan, Ethiopia, and Kenya where their illegal status makes them vulnerable to situations of human trafficking; the government remains complicit in conscripting children into military service
tier rating: the Government of Eritrea does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; the Eritrean government does not operate with transparency and published neither data nor statistics regarding its efforts to combat human trafficking; it did not respond to requests to provide information for this report; the government made no known progress in prosecuting and punishing trafficking crimes over the reporting period and did not appear to provide any significant assistance to victims of trafficking during the reporting period (2009)